19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so
    
    20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
    
    答案
    
    1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C
    
    11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B
    
    总体分析
    
    本文介绍了罗马人有关国家建设的理论。第一句指出罗马人有关国家形成的理论很有特点。第二句至第五句指出，罗马人的理论与希腊人的大不相同，是非常具体的。第六句至文章结尾具体阐述了罗马人关于国家权力的所有和分配形式。
    
    全文翻译
    
    奥古斯都(罗马帝国第一代皇帝)的成功很大程度上归功于罗马人将国家理论化的特点。罗马人没有制定出让希腊人感兴趣的建设理想国家的宏伟蓝图。在柏拉图的《理想国》中不涉及具体个人或国家的一种个人与国家之间的关系被详细地设计出来，但罗马理论家们几乎无一例外地忽视或拒绝接受像《理想国》这样的智力训练，认为它们毫无价值。罗马人最接近希腊模式的是西塞罗的《论国家》，甚至在这本书中西塞罗的心中已经对罗马有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念，罗马人关于国家的想法也是具体的。罗马的第一位统治者罗穆卢斯被认为从神，尤其是从罗马的守护神宙斯那里获得了权力。所有宪法的发展都是一种赋予和监督这种权力的方法。很显然，人们相信只有先父们的立法机构，即一家之主们组成的最初的参议院，才拥有行使这种权力所必需的宗教特质，因为它最初的功能是寻求神的启示。既实际又排外的参议员们将权力再进一步分割，认为他们的司法官或总管官员，将每隔一个月拥有这项权力，并在之后将其拥有权扩大到更低等级的官员。但是重要的成就是创造了持续的国家权力的概念，这种权力只是临时体现在某些上层阶级的个人身上，并且只有当普通大众一致同意的时候才被赋予。当新的部门和立法机构被创造出来并且几乎没有任何一个被摈弃的时候，这个系统变得越来越复杂。
    
    十、苏美尔人
    
    All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common，including the sky god，the lord of storms，and the morning and evening star.__1__the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility，love，and war，she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods，indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__，and one‘s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. Each city moreover had its own god，who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. When，after 3，000 B. C.，growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__，the head of the army who became king assumed a(n)__14__position between the god，whose agent he was，and the priestly class，whom he had both to use and to __15__. Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes，the secular attendants of the temple，who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials，society was divided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders;a mixed group of merchants，artisans，and craftsmen，free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population;and slaves.

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