Section IUse of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)

Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It1its attention upon those physical characteristics and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which2

one community from all others that belong to a different tradition.

The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies3our own. For its purposes any social4of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own. To the anthropologist our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for5a common problem, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is6to a-void any weighting of one7the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition8. He is interested in a wide9of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and10 , the different forms through which they express themselves and the11 in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the12.

Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a13of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely 14of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking ,is behavior at its most commonplace. 15, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than16any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather17aspect of the matter. The fact18first rate importance is the predominant role that custom19 in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may 20.

1. [ A ] pays[ B ] revolves[ C ] fastens[ D ] draws

2. [ A ] distinguish[ B ] prohibit[ C] dispel[ D ] exempt

3. [ A ] of[ B ] from[ C ] for[ D] than

4. [ A ] regulation[ B ] execution[ C ] prosecution[ D ] disposition

5. [ A ] meditating on[ B ] imposing on[ C ] tangling with [ D ] dealing with

6. [ A ] acknowledged[ B ] authorized[ C ] bound[ D ] credited

7. [ A ] in favor of[ B ] instead of[ C ] rather than[ D ] in contrast with

8. [ A ] however[ B ] though[ C ] whatsoever[ D ] indeed

9, [ A ] option[ B ] span[ C ] prototype[ D ] range

10. I A ] deviate[ B ] fluctuate[ C ] differentiate [ D ] segregate

11. [ A ] manner[ B ] means[ C ] case[ D ] context

12. [ A] personnel[ B] locality[ C] natives[ D ] individuals

13. [ A ] subject'[ B ] object[ C ] objective[ D ] subjective

14. [ A ] worth[ B ] worthwhile[ C ] worthy[ D ] rewarding

15. [ A ] As a matter of fact [ B ] On the whole[ C] In general[ D] On the other hand

16. [ A ] that[ B ] why[ C ] how[ D ] what

17. [A ]vulgar[ B] lofty[ C ] grim[ D] trivial

18. [ A ] in[ B ] of[ C ] at[ D ] to

19. [ A ] functions[ B ] plays[ C ] makes[ D ] leads

20. [ A ] manifest[ B ] illustrate[ C ] reveal[ D ] indicate

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Read the following four texts .Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 .(40 points)

Text 1

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheet can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the permanent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration of consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.

Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree or travel abroad for a year.

A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow lt. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-ranges ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"

21. What is the passage mainly about.'?

[A] A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

[B] A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions.

[C] A research on how people make decisions.

[D] Differences between long-range and short-range decision making.

22. Of the following steps, which is the first step towards an optimal decision?

[A]Listing the consequences of each solution.

[B]Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.

[C]Deciding which consequences are most important.

[D]Writing down all possible solution.

23. According to decision-making worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

[A]has the fewest variables to consider.

[B]uses the most decision worksheets.

[C]carries the greatest value assigned to it.

[D]is agreed to by the greatest number of people.

24. The word "succinct" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to

[A]creative.[ B ]satisfactory.[ C ]personal.[ D ]concise.

25. Toward the decision worksheet, the writer's attitude can be said to be

[A]neutral.[ B ]approving[ C ]ambiguous[ D ]biased.

Text2

As the 21st century begins, a number of leaders in politics, education, and other professions believe that the United States must adopt some new values to go along with the older traditional ones. What new values should Americans adopt.? This is very difficult question to answer.Certainly, a greater value should be placed on the conservation of natural resources; Americans should learn to use less and waste less. But conservation has never been a strong value to Americans, who have believed that their country offered an endless, abundant supply of natural resources. Recently, progress has been made-more and more Americans are recycling their paper, cans, bottles, and other goods-but old wasteful habits die hard. Furthermore, the need to protect the environment may conflict with the need for jobs, as in the Northwest, where conservationists battle lumber companies that want to cut down ancient redwood trees. A belief in the value of conservation is still compared with other American values; it can become stronger only as Americans see the need for it more clearly.

In addition, Americans may need to place a strong value on cooperation on a national scale to achieve important national objectives. The American idea of the national good has never been based on national cooperation but rather on the freedom of the individual, maintaining those conditions that provide the greatest freedom and prosperity for the individual. It is far more difficult for Americans to accept shared sacrifice for the common good and well-being of the entire country. For example, although the majority of Americans believe that it is extremely important to balance the national budget and reduce the deficit, they do not want to see cuts in government programs that benefit them personally.

The American value of competition also hinders the development of a spirit of national cooperation. Competition sometimes encourages feelings of suspicion rather than the mutual trust that is necessary for successful national cooperation.Although Americans often cooperate successfully on the local level-in neighborhood groups and churches, for example -- they become suspicious when the national government becomes involved. For example, on the national level, they may see themselves as part of an interest group that is competing with other interest groups for government funds. A request by the national government for shared sacrifice may be seen as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive. However, the demands of the 21st century may compel Americans to place a greater value on national cooperation to solve problems that affect them all, directly and indirectly.

26. The best title of this passage could be

[ A ]Which Is Better, New Value or Old Value?

[ B ]Conservation vs. Need for Jobs.

[ C ]The Need for New National Values.

[ D]Cooperation and Competition.

27. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?

[ A ]Some Americans would not accept the value of conservation and environment protection, because this value would probably make them unemployed.

[ B ]Many Americans have been used to wasting, so it will be difficult for them to accept the new value of conservation.

[ C ]Some old values are stilling having a very strong influence on American people, although they are harmful in this new age.

[ D ]Most Americans have fully realized the need to protect the environment, so they have taken measures to recycle junked goods.

28. What is the basis for the American notion of national good?

[ A ]Individual freedom.[ B ]Personal property.

[ C ] National cooperation.[ D ] Both A and B.

29. The author gave an example in the second paragraph in order to

[ A ]emphasize the need to place a stronger value on national cooperation.

[ B ]explain why the American idea has been based on individual freedom.

[ C ]illustrate the fact that Americans will not sacrifice their personal interest for the good of the entire country.

[ D ]support the idea that America needs the spirit of national cooperation to achieve important national objectives in the 21 st century.

30. The value of competition works against the spirit of national cooperation in that

[A]it makes people not believe in the government.

[ B ]it causes people to suspect but not to trust each other.

[ C ]it makes people even unable to cooperate well on local levels.

[ D ]it encourages people to gain success through individual hard work.

Text 3

The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant.

In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups expressed concern over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U. S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism.

In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be "off-limits," the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover. it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules.

An analysis earlier this year of 751 U.S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what rights consumers have over their own information.

At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, inform consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circumstances change the nature of the online privacy debate is still to be seen.

31. Concerning the protection of privacy and increased surveillance of communication, the author seems to insist on

[ A ]the priority of the former action.

[ B ]the execution of the latter at the expense of the former.

[ C ]tightening both policies at the same time.

[ D ]a balance between the two actions.

32. The author implies in the second paragraph that

[ A] the proposal of the Department of Justice is unjustified.

] B ]surveillance of any suspect communication is necessary.

[ C ]civil liberties groups should not have shown such great concern.

[ D ]exceptions should be made in intercepting communications.

33. In the eyes of the author, the Financial Service Modernization Act

[ A ]serves no more than as a new patch on an old robe.

[ B ]indicates the Congress' admirable move to protecting privacy.

[ C ]invades online consumer privacy rather than protect it.

[ D ]is deficient in that it leaves many sectors unshielded.

34. Privacy standards made by individual states are ineffective because

[ A ]the standards of different states contradict each other.

[ B ]online communication is not restricted to any state.

[ C ]these standards ignore the federal law on the matter.

[ D ]these standards are only applicable to regional web sites.

35. The expression "opt out of such data collection" (in the last paragraph) probably means

[ A ]pick out from such data the information one needs.

[ B ] sift through such data to collect one's own information.

[ C ] evaluate the purpose for such data collection.

[ D ]choose not to be involved in such data collection.

Text 4

Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often at its most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The presence of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more conflict, more traveling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the relative anonymity of urban life, but today's ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City dwellers may become trapped in their homes by the fear of crime around them.

As a defense against these developments, city dwellers tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: contracts with other people are generally made brief and impersonal; doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; journeys outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure. There are other strategies, too, which are positively harmful to the individual, for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, all these defensive forms of behavior are harmful to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community's concern for its members. Lack of informal social contact and indifference to the misfortunes of others, if they are not personally known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.

Inner areas of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups; these people are the geographically trapped because so much economic activity has migrated to the suburbs and beyond.

Present-day architecture and planning have enormously worsened the human problems of urban life. Old established neighborhoods have been ruthlessly swept away, by both public and private organizations, usually to be replaced by huge, ugly, impersonal structures. People have been forced to leave their familiar homes, usually to be rehoused in tower blocks which are drab, inconvenient, and fail to provide any setting for human interaction or support. This destruction of established social structures is the worst possible approach to the difficulties of living in a town or city. Instead, every effort should be made to conserve the human scale of the environment, and to retain familiar landmarks.

36. According to the author, living in a city causes stress because there are so many people who are

[ A ]in need of help.

[ B ]naturally aggressive.

[ C ]likely to commit crime.

[ D]anxious to succeed.

37. The author thinks that crime is increasing in cities because

[ A ]criminals are difficult to track down in large populations.

[ B ] people do not communicate with their neighbors.

[ C ]people feel anonymous there.

[ D ]the trappings of success are attractive to criminals.

38. According to the passage, the worst problem facing people living in cities is

[ A ]crime.

[ B ]finding somewhere to live.

[ C ]social isolation.

[ D ]drugs and alcoholism.

39. The majority of people who live in inner cities do so because they

[ A ]dislike having to travel far to work.

[ B ]don't like the idea of living in the suburbs.

[ C ]have been forced by circumstances to do so.

[ D ]have turned against society.

40. Architectural changes have affected city life by

[ A]giving the individual a say in planning.

[ B ]dispersing long-established communities.

[ C ]forcing people to live on top of each other.

[ D ]making people move to the suburbs.

PartB

Directions:

You are going to read a text on developing a positive attitude toward study, followed by a list of choices. Choose the most suitable choice from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra choice which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Some people will mightily disagree with me on the notion that you must like something to do well. OK. That's your opinion, and you're entitled to it! But my experience in a classroom is that students who have an "attitude" (a negative disposition) toward either the subject or the teacher do not perform as well as they should.

I have watched this "attitude" phenomenon for years. In fact, it's so prominent in required courses that you cannot miss it. The school tells students that they must take English, and students resent it. It's human nature to rebel when someone says you must do it. In contrast, I find that in elective courses students have more of an interest and the results are dramatically different. They participate more in class, read the assignments, turn in higher quality materials, talk to the teacher more, and generally are more fun.

Don't think that intelligence (ability) will substitute for a good attitude, because it will not. Underline NOT. Being bright is a gift that many people squander because of a bad attitude. The world is chockfull of half-baked geniuses, potential Olympic athletes, and superstar talents that never made it. Why? Because attitude, not ability, will determine your' success. And the following are some effective tips for you to develop a positive attitude.

( 41 )Think like an advertiser.

In advertising, the first thing the ad must do is to tell the customers how the product or service will benefit them. Otherwise, it's nearly impossible to sell anything.

( 42 )Look for long-term benefits.

As you begin to look for benefits, beware of shortsightedness. Students tend to look fbr instant gratification-what's in it for me...right this very second in nay life.

( 43 )Act like a baby-sitter.

Pretend that you're counseling a younger brother or sister about a particular class and you sense a negative attitude. You want to tell them how important such a course is and why it should be taken seriously. What advice would you give?

( 44 )Remember the Tortoise and the Hare.

This is a story that you no doubt have heard since you were a child. The two, as you recall, were in a race. The hare should have won hands down, no sweat. But he took his talent for granted and underestimated a competitor with great attitude.

( 45 )Avoid making negative comments about the course or the professor.

Keep your comments positive-they foster a positive attitude. A philosopher once heard a man speaking poorly about another man in public. The philosopher stopped the speaker and admonished him not to say such damaging things about another. The speaker asked the philosopher if he was trying to protect the man who was subject of the negative comments. "No," said the philosopher calmly, "I was trying to protect you from yourself." Negative comments about people can become self-destructive.

Remember, attitude, not ability, will determine your success in college.So, develop a positive attitude toward the course you are learning, and you will succeed.

[ A ] The results are always the same: Excuses. "1 would have, could have, should have." "That damned coach hates me." 'That instructor doesn't like the way I dress." The list goes on. You've heard it over and over by those who fail to reach their altitude.., usually because of their attitude.

[ B ] Attitude beats aptitude every time.

[ C ] I discovered this approach when I was about 12 years old and was baby-sitting for our neighbor's kids. One day I started lecturing the kids about picking up their clothes and putting toys away. As I did, I began to sound like my own parents, Horrors. When I got home, I immediately cleaned my own room. My mother nearly fainted. By giving someone else good, solid advice, you teach yourself

[ D ] Therefore, find the benefit to you by looking at the syllabus and discovering two or three issues that you find interesting. Focus on those for starters. Other benefits will follow.

[ E ] This will disappoint you because it's difficult to see how Columbus' rationale for exploration in 1492 has any direct, right-now impact on your life. Rather than this myopic stance, take the long view to learning. Ask yourself, "What can history teach me?” “Will understanding the why's help me understand the what's'?" The answer is absolutely...YES. What you learn in college helps prepare you to think through important issues and apply them to your daily life.

[ F ] Making and repeating comments begins to program your thinking for good or bad. When you start down this negative path it's pretty hard to get back. I've seen students develop an "attitude" and then try to defend it long after everyone else has seen that it no longer makes sense.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.( 10 points )

The idea of evolution was known to some of the Greek philosophers. By the time of Aristotle, speculation had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them. But all this was guessing; no real evidence was forthcoming. When, in modem times, the idea of evolution was revived, it appeared in the writings of the philosophers -- Bacon, Descartes, Leibniz and Kant. 46) Herber Spencer was preaching a full evolutionary doctrine in the years just before Darwin's book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it. Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.

The first complete theory was that of Lamarck, who thought that modifications due to environment, if constant and lasting, would be inherited and produce a new type. 47) Though no evidence for such inheritance was available, the theory gave a working hypothesis for naturalists to use, and many of the social and philanthropic efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.

But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend Robert Malthus, sometime curate of Albury in Surrey. 48) The English people were increasing rapidly, and Malthus argued that the human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence unless the redundant individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true, but Darwin writes:

49) In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work.

50) The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation, but it led to a greater thing than itself -- an acceptance of the theory of organic evolution, which the years have but confirmed. Yet at first some naturalists joined the opposition. To the many, who were unable to judge the biological evidence, the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating, to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm all philosophic and religious landmarks. Even educated man, choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species, proclaimed with Disraeli that he was "on the side of the Angels".

Section ⅢWriting

Part A

51. Directions:

It is decided to collect donations for the children in poor areas. Please write a memo to tell all the students and the faculty in your university, about the following information:

1 ) the purpose of the donation, and

2 ) the schedule for the activity.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name on the memo. Use"Student Union" instead. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

In recent years, some local governments have put in a lot of effort to apply for inclusion on the World Heritage List.

Do you agree or disagree with this tendency? Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay to state your opinion and use examples or facts to support your views.

You should write about 160--200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

海文2006年考研英语冲刺模考卷答案

 

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

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